Fly through South America in a 3D animation

Alexander von Humboldt was a Prussian geographer and naturalist made famous because of his perilous journeys through South America. From 1799 to 1804, Humboldt traversed the continent's jungles and mountains by foot, canoe, and horseback. His discoveries and contributions to modern science are significant - but largely forgotten. In this lesson, you'll create a 3D animation of his 6,000-mile journey through six countries. You'll then upload the video to YouTube so you can educate a wider audience.

This lesson was last tested on June 8, 2022, using ArcGIS Pro 3.0. If you're using a different version of ArcGIS Pro, you may encounter different functionality and results.

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Requirements

• ArcGIS Pro (get a free trial)

Make a scene

Before you create an animation showing some of the most important locations in Humboldt's journey, you'll create a 3D scene. The scene will serve as the backdrop for the animation. You'll add atmospheric effects and a South America waterways layer to the scene to improve its appearance. Then, you'll create bookmarks and map notes for the locations you want to show in the animation, allowing you to easily navigate to them.

Change the scene's default appearance

First, you'll start a new scene in ArcGIS Pro. Then, you'll change some of the scene's default settings to improve its appearance.

1. Start ArcGIS Pro. If prompted, sign in using your licensed ArcGIS account.

   Note:

   If you don't have ArcGIS Pro or an ArcGIS account, you can sign up for an ArcGIS free trial.

   When you open ArcGIS Pro, you're given the option to create a new project or open an existing one. If you've created a project before, you'll see a list of recent projects.

2. Under New Project, click Global Scene.

   The Global Scene template creates a 3D scene of your project that contains the entire world as a globe.

3. In the Create a New Project window, change the project name to Humboldt Animation. Click OK.

   The project opens and displays a global scene.

   

   Clicking and holding the left mouse button allows you to drag and pan the map. Holding the right mouse button allows you to zoom in and out. Holding the wheel button allows you to tilt or rotate around the point you clicked. You can also navigate using the B, C and V keys instead of the mouse buttons.

   By default, the scene uses the Topographic basemap, which was designed as a reference map. For this project, you want to show a more realistic depiction of the locations Humboldt traveled, so you'll use the Imagery basemap.

4. On the ribbon, click the Map tab. In the Layer group, click the Basemap button and choose Imagery.

   

   The scene's basemap changes, showing the world with satellite imagery.

   

   While the Imagery basemap made the scene look more realistic, it still appears somewhat bright and artificial, lacking atmospheric effects to give it a more natural appearance. You'll turn on atmospheric effects to give the scene a more realistic appearance.

5. In the Contents pane, double-click Scene.

   

   The Map Properties: Scene window opens. This window allows you to change many default settings for your scene.

6. On the left side of the window, click Illumination. Under Atmospheric lighting, check Show atmospheric effects.

   

7. Click OK.

   

   The scene changes to more muted tones, caused by the atmospheric effects.

Add a waterways layers

The scene looks more realistic, world waterways may shrink or become less visible due to runoff and/or changes in size. To make the waterways easily visible, you'll add a layer (South America waterways). The waterways layer you want to add is saved on ArcGIS Online, but you can add it directly to your project in ArcGIS Pro without exiting the application.

1. On the Map tab, in the Layer group, click the Add Data button (don't click the Add Data drop-down menu below the button).

   

   The Add Data window opens. It allows you to search your project, your computer, or your portal for data to add. Your portal is the licensed account you used to sign in when you first opened ArcGIS Pro. Because you signed in with an ArcGIS Online account, your portal gives you access to all ArcGIS Online data that your account can access.

2. In the Add Data window, under Portal, click ArcGIS Online.

   

3. In the search box, type South America waterways and press Enter.

   Depending on the publicly available data, many search results may be returned.

4. In the list of results, click the OpenStreetMaps Waterways for South America layer. Click OK.

   

   After a few moments, the layer is downloaded and added to the scene.

   

   If you zoom into South America, you can see the waterways leading to the ocean. Use this layer as a reference.

Bookmark key locations

Now that you've given your scene a more realistic appearance, you'll begin to create your tour. The story map emphasizes three parts of Humboldt's journey: Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador, the Orinoco River in northern South America, and the Casiquiare Canal in Venezuela. You'll view and create bookmarks for each of these locations to later use them as focal points in your animation. A bookmark is a navigation shortcut to a map or scene location. Before you create a bookmark, you'll navigate to the first point of interest: Mount Chimborazo.

1. On the Map tab, in the Inquiry group, click Locate.

   

   The Locate pane opens. This pane allows you to search for a specific location and navigate to it.

   Tip:

   You can move any pane in the ArcGIS Pro interface by clicking and dragging the top of the pane.

2. In the Locate pane, click the search bar and type Mount Chimborazo and press enter to initiate the search. In the menu that opens below the search bar, choose Mount Chimborazo.

   

   The map zooms to Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.

   The clouds are at a height of 18,000 meters, so you'll need to zoom in closer than that to see the mountain.

   Note:

   Depending on the way your scene was tilted before you changed the zoom elevation, you may not be looking directly at Mount Chimborazo when you zoom below the clouds. If necessary, tilt and pan the scene until you locate the mountain (it's the solitary, snowcapped mountain in the middle of otherwise low-lying terrain). If you have difficulty finding the mountain, consult the following image.

   

   Note:

   Imagery is constantly being updated, and might not match this image exactly.

3. On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click Bookmarks and choose New Bookmark.

   

4. In the Create Bookmark window, for the Name, type Mount Chimborazo and click OK.

   Your first bookmark is saved. You can access it by clicking the Bookmarks button again. Next, you'll create bookmarks for the rivers.

5. In the Locate pane, clear the existing search, type Rio Orinoco, and choose the result Rio Orinoco.

   

   The Orinoco (part of which is highlighted in the above image), one of the longest rivers in South America, flows west through Venezuela toward the Caribbean Ocean. This river and its tributaries form one of South America's largest river systems. Humboldt explored a large portion of this river looking for the Casiquiare. The Casiquiare is famous for being the largest natural connection between two different river systems: the Rio Orinoco to the north and the Rio Negro (part of the Amazon River system) to the south. Natural connections between two watersheds are very rare, and until Humboldt confirmed the existence of the canal in 1800, its existence had only been rumored.

6. Using 3D navigation tools and the zoom elevation in the lower left corner of the scene viewer, navigate to the beginning of the delta where the Rio Orinoco meets the Atlantic Ocean, as indicated in the following image:

   

   The river may be difficult to see on the terrain, so turn on and off your OSM_Waterways_SA layer to see the different routes of the extensions of the Rio Orinoco, as seen below.

   

   The current zoom extent is too far away, but if you zoom in closer you won't be able to see much of the river. As a compromise, you'll create a bookmark of the river's mouth on the Atlantic Ocean.

   After zooming in, you will likely only be able to view a small portion of the river (it may not match exactly to the following image).

   

7. Create a bookmark called Rio Orinoco, or navigate to the pre-made bookmark.

   If you only showed this small section of the river in your animation, it would likely fail to capture the distance Humboldt traveled across it. You'll use this bookmarked location as a starting point in your animation. When creating the animation itself, you'll capture much more of the river. For now, however, you'll bookmark the third location for your animation: the Rio Casiquiare.

8. In the Locate pane, clear the existing search, type Rio Casiquiare, and choose the result Rio Casiquiare, Amazonas.

   

   As before, the location you navigate may be harder to see on the Imagery basemap, so use your OSM_Waterways_SA layer as necessary.

   The Casiquiare is in the center of the scene viewer, while the Orinoco is in the north and the Rio Negro is in the south. As mentioned previously, the Casiquiare connects two major watersheds. At this level, the river itself is difficult to see. Its location is highlighted in the following image:

9. Zoom closer to the Casiquiare. If necessary, enter the coordinates ( 3°8′18.5″N 65°52′42.5″W) in the Locate pane.

   

   The Casiquiare Canal runs from the northeast (where it stems from the Rio Orinoco) to the southwest (where it connects to the Rio Negro). The above image highlights its beginning and end. Because Humboldt entered the Casiquiare from the Orinoco, you'll create your bookmark at its northeastern endpoint.

10. Zoom to the northeast endpoint of the Casiquiare, where it connects to the Orinoco.

    

    Note:

    The Imagery basemap is created by stitching together many different images of the world. Depending on how close you zoom and how far you tilt the scene, you may see different imagery than in the above image.

11. Create a bookmark called Casiquiare Canal.
12. Close the Locate pane.

Create map notes

To make your locations stand out more and label them so your audience knows what they are, you'll add map notes. Map notes are symbols you can create to quickly add features to your map.

1. If necessary, navigate to the Casiquiare Canal bookmark.
2. On the ribbon, click the Insert tab. In the Layer Templates group, click Bright Map Notes.

   

   A new Bright Map Notes layer is added to the Contents pane under the 3D Layers group. Nothing is added to the map because the Bright Map Notes layer currently has no features. Next, you'll create a feature.

3. On the ribbon, click the Edit tab. In the Features group, click Create.

   

   The Create Features pane opens. Feature types for both line notes and point notes are listed in the pane. You don't want to completely cover the river for your tour, but you do need it to be more easily found, so you'll use point notes.

4. In the Create Features pane, under Bright Map Notes: Bright - Point Notes, click Circle 1.

   

   When you click Circle 1, it expands to show additional options. The default option is to create point features, which is what you want (The other options let you draw a temporary line and place a point at the end of it, and place points along a temporary line.).

   In the scene, the cursor changes. If you click the map, you'll create a point feature at the location you clicked. First, you'll create a feature for the Casiquiare Canal.

5. Go to the Casiquiare Canal bookmark and click to add a point where the Casiquiare connects to the Orinoco.

   

   Tip:

   If you don't like where you placed your point, you can undo it. Alternatively, you can delete it: make sure the point is selected, and on the Edit tab, in the Features group, click the Delete button.

   A point feature in your Bright - Point Notes layer now marks the source of the Casiquiare. Next, you'll add map notes for the other two locations, to which you can quickly navigate with your bookmarks.

6. On the Map tab, click Bookmarks and choose the Rio Orinoco bookmark. Add a map note on the river.
7. Navigate to the Mount Chimborazo bookmark and add a map note (try to place it at the top of the mountain).

   

   Before you continue, you'll save your edits.

8. Click the Edit tab. In the Manage Edits group, click Save.

   

9. In the Save Edits window, click Yes.
10. Close the Create Features pane.

    Your edits are saved and the locations that you'll use in the animation are clearly marked. Next, you'll add attribute data to the notes so you can label them with the names of each location.

11. In the Contents pane, under 3D Layers, click the arrow to expand the Bright Map Notes layer.
12. Under Bright Map Notes, right-click Bright - Point Notes and choose Attribute Table.

    

    The attribute table opens. The three point features you created are listed in the table (the last point you added is highlighted, because new points are selected by default). Each point contains both editing information as well as feature information. The editing information, such as who created the point and when, is automatically populated, but you'll need to enter information for each feature.

    

13. In the first row, double-click the Name column to edit it. Type Rio Casiquiare and press Enter.

    

14. Name the second point Rio Orinoco and the third point Mount Chimborazo.

    

15. On the Edit tab, in the Manage Edits group, click Save. In the Save Edits window, click Yes.
16. Close the table.

    On the map, your point features are now labeled.

17. Navigate to the Casiquiare Canal.

    

    The text is small, dark, and difficult to see against the Imagery basemap. Next, you'll change the labeling properties to make the labels easier to read.

Edit labels

You've created labels for your points, but they aren't legible against the Imagery basemap. Next, you'll change the label and label placement.

1. In the Contents pane, right-click Bright - Point Notes and choose Labeling Properties.

   

   The Label Class pane opens.

2. At the top of the Label Class pane, next to Class, click Symbol.

   

   The Symbol menu opens, with options for formatting the appearance of the label text.

3. Expand the Appearance section. For Size, click the arrow and choose 16 pt.

   

4. At the bottom of the pane, click Apply to apply the changes to the map.

   The font size makes the label more readable, but it's still hard to see against the dark green of the Imagery basemap. Next, you'll add a halo, or background, that makes the letters stand out against the map.

5. Click Halo to expand its options.

   

6. For Halo symbol, click the arrow and choose White fill.

   

7. Click Apply.

   

   The label is more visible, but it covers the point. Next, you'll change the label's position.

8. At the top of the Label Class pane, next to Symbol, click Position.

   

9. Click Placement. Click the drop-down menu (currently set to Best position) and choose Top of point.

   

   The label automatically redraws so that it is above the point rather than on top of it.

   

10. Close the Label Class pane.
11. Above the ribbon, on the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Save button to save the project.

    

In this section, you added a reference waterway to a 3D scene. You also created bookmarks and labeled a map notes layer to identify points for your animation. In the next section, you'll use these points to animate a tour of Humboldt's journey.

Animate Humboldt's journey

In the previous section, you created a 3D scene and changed its appearance to serve as the backdrop for your animation. In this section, you'll create an animation of Humboldt's trip. In creating an animation, imagine you see the scene through a camera lens. You animate the camera by creating keyframes, or fixed points the camera will zoom to. Based on the keyframes you create, the camera will fly through the scene during the complete animation.

Create keyframes for the bookmarked locations

First, you'll create a series of keyframes around the three locations you bookmarked, starting with Mount Chimborazo.

1. If necessary, open the Humboldt Animation project in ArcGIS Pro.
2. Navigate to your Mount Chimborazo bookmark.
3. On the ribbon, click the View tab. In the Animation group, click Add.

   

   The Animation tab opens on the ribbon and the Animation Timeline pane opens below the scene viewer. The pane currently contains only a button called Create first keyframe.

   Note:

   If you can't see or accidentally close the Animation Timeline pane, you can open it with the Animation tab by clicking the Timeline button in the Playback group.

4. If necessary, tilt or pan your scene until your view shows exactly what you would like to be the first frame of your animation. In the Animation Timeline pane, click Create first keyframe.

   Note:

   When a keyframe is created, scene elements such as layer visibility are remembered. Make sure the Cloud Imagery and Bright Map Notes layers are turned on when you create your keyframes, or they won't be included in the animation.

   

   A thumbnail of your map is added to the Keyframe Gallery in the Animation Timeline pane. The thumbnail represents your first keyframe, which will be the first location shown in your animation. Other options and tools related to your animation are added to the pane.

   

   Note:

   You can also import bookmarks as keyframes. This feature is a good option if you're only showing locations. However, you'll add additional keyframes for your animation, so you'll create the keyframes manually.

   The current keyframe only shows one angle of the mountain. To emphasize Chimborazo's importance to Humboldt's expedition, you'll add more keyframes to cause the animation to circle the mountain.

5. Pan and tilt the scene to view the mountain from another angle, keeping the mountain in the center of the frame.

   

6. On the Animation tab, in the Create group, click the Append button (don't click the drop-down menu).

   

   The Append button creates a new keyframe and adds it to the Animation Timeline pane. New frames are automatically placed at the end of the timeline, causing them to appear later in the animation.

   Tip:

   If you aren't satisfied with the way a keyframe looks, click its thumbnail in the Keyframe Gallery to select it. Pan and tilt the scene until you have a better location. Then, click Update. If you want to delete the keyframe entirely, click Delete.

   

   Next, you'll add keyframes for the Orinoco. Unlike the Mount Chimborazo bookmark, you created the Orinoco River bookmark from a top-down angle of the river. This angle is not very dynamic and doesn't show much of the landscape around the river. Tilting the scene to show more of the river and the surrounding area would probably create a more exciting view. Later, you'll add more keyframes to create the illusion of traveling down the river.

7. Navigate to your Orinoco River bookmark. Pan, zoom, and tilt until you have an angle of the river you like (try to keep the Rio Orinoco map note in the center of the viewer).

   Tip:

   When tilting the scene, don't tilt it at too oblique an angle. The Imagery basemap uses different images depending on how close the viewer is to the basemap. If you're tilted too close to the basemap, it may cause part of the basemap to display different imagery than another part in the same viewer. Another way to avoid this problem is to zoom the camera out more, although if you zoom too far the Cloud Imagery layer may obscure your view of the scene.

   

8. On the Animation tab, click Append.

   Your animation includes both Mount Chimborazo and Rio Orinoco. You'll test the animation to make sure it plays smoothly.

9. In the Animation Timeline pane, click the Play button.

   

   When the animation plays, the transition between Chimborazo and Orinoco is blurry and too fast because the camera pans over a large distance in a short time. Humboldt never traveled directly between the two locations, like the animation does, so the distance between the second and third keyframes is not important for your animation. To make the transition smoother, you'll change the type of path your camera takes.

10. Click the third keyframe to select it and its transition circle.

    There are four kinds of paths between keyframes: fixed (the default path), linear, hop, and stepped. So far, you've used the fixed path, which moves the camera smoothly between frames. Linear finds straight-line paths between each point, hop creates an arced path, and stepped skips the transition altogether.

    Hop transitions are good for moving the camera quickly between two points. Because you aren't interested in the area between Chimborazo and the Orinoco, you'll use a hop transition between the two keyframes.

    In the Animation Timeline pane, the type of path to each keyframe is indicated in the transition circle between the keyframes in the Keyframe Gallery. The transition circle between the second and third keyframes currently shows a curved line, indicating the fixed path.

11. Click the transition circle between the second and third keyframes, point to Camera, and click the Hop button.

    

12. Replay the animation.

    The arc of the default hop is far too large, sending the camera's view outside of the planet. You'll adjust the arc of the hop to a more reasonable size.

13. If necessary, select the third keyframe. On the Animation tab, in the Edit group, click Properties.

    

    The Animation Properties pane opens.

14. Drag the Adjust Path slider closer to the smaller arc on the left side.

    

15. Replay the animation. If you're unsatisfied with the hop, continue to experiment with the Adjust Path slider until you are satisfied.

    Once you have a hop that you like, you'll continue the animation by adding more keyframes. Similar to the last transition, the distance between this keyframe and Casiquiare Canal is quite large. However, unlike the distance between Mount Chimborazo and the Orinoco, Humboldt actually crossed this distance as part of his expedition. To better trace Humboldt's journey in the animation, you'll create keyframes at multiple points along the rivers. First, however, you'll rotate the scene to point the camera in the right direction for traveling upriver.

16. Pan, tilt, and zoom so that the scene is angled toward the river. When satisfied, click Append.

    

17. Pan along the river until you reach a major bend. After you stop, click Append to add a keyframe.

    The exact location of the keyframe is up to you. The farther apart the keyframes are, the faster the camera will have to travel to transition between them. Additionally, the more frames your animation has, the longer it will take to export. The number of frames is determined by how long the animation takes, which is usually related to the number of keyframes (and the time taken to transition between keyframes). An animation with 10 keyframes can take approximately 30 minutes, while one with 15 keyframes can take approximately 50 minutes.

18. Replay the animation. If the transition between the first and second Orinoco keyframes is too fast, delete the second keyframe and make it closer to the first.

    Next, you'll use the Maintain Speed tool, which moves the camera at the same average speed as the previous transition. Instead of using the default transition, which lasts three seconds no matter how much distance is traveled, Maintain Speed calculates the time needed per transition to move the camera at the same speed. No matter how much distance is in between keyframes, the camera will transition smoothly.

19. In the Animation Properties pane, under the Configuration tab, check Maintain Speed.

    

20. Pan and tilt along the length of the Orinoco, adding four or five keyframes along the way (each at a major bend in the river), until you reach the Rio Casiquiare map note.

    Tip:

    It can be difficult to follow the Orinoco, especially because the Imagery basemap has no labels. If you have difficulty, you can switch the basemap to one that does include labels, such as the Topographic basemap. Remember to switch back to the Imagery basemap before creating your keyframes, however.

21. Replay the animation. Confirm that the river stays in the camera's view and that the transitions aren't too fast or blurry.

Finish the animation

To finish the tour, you'll add a few frames that show the globe. First, you'll orient the scene so that the camera faces north. Then, you'll tilt the camera to be perpendicular to the ground. Adjusting the camera's position will make the transition to a view of the globe smoother. First, however, you'll turn off the Maintain Speed tool, or else the transition from the Rio Casiquiare to the full extent of the globe will take too long.

1. On the Animation Properties pane, uncheck Maintain Speed.
2. If necessary, click the scene viewer to make it the active pane.
3. Press the N key to orient the camera northward. Then, press the P key to orient it perpendicular to the ground.
4. Zoom out until you are above the Atmospheric effects (an elevation between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 feet).
5. On the ribbon, click Append.

   Next, you'll change the extent to show the entire globe.

6. On the Map tab, in the Navigate group, click the Full Extent button.

   

   The map zooms out to show the full globe, automatically centering on the location where the prime meridian and equator meet.

   

   At this scale, the map notes don't add anything to the animation, so you'll change the visibility of the Bright - Point Notes layer to not appear at this zoom level.

7. Check the elevation control to the lower left of the scene viewer to determine the elevation at full extent.

   Note:

   The elevation at full extent may vary depending on how large your screen resolution is and how many panes you have open. The values in the following steps may be different than the ones you experience.

   

   The full extent is generally close to 100,000,000 ft, while most of your animation takes place around 20,000 ft. You'll set the map notes layer to only appear at around 10,000,000 ft.

8. In the Contents pane, double-click Bright - Point Notes.

   The Layer Properties: Bright - Point Notes window opens.

9. On the General tab, under Out beyond (maximum distance), choose 10,000,000 ft.

   

10. Click OK.

    The labels for the map notes are no longer visible. Next, you'll add the final keyframes. One will be the full extent view, centered on the location where the prime meridian and equator meet. The other will spin the globe over Australia so that the globe will seem to spin during the animation.

11. On the Animation tab, click Append.
12. Pan the map so that Australia is in the lower right corner of the globe. Press the N key to straighten the globe and click Append.

    

13. Replay the animation.

    If you're unsatisfied with any part of the animation, feel free to edit your keyframes to your liking. Even slight changes in the viewer angle during keyframes can create large changes in the animation.

14. When you're satisfied with your animation, close the Animation Properties and Animation Timeline pane.
15. Save the project.

Export the animation

Now that you've created an animation showing some of Humboldt's most famous expeditions, you'll export it to share with others.

1. On the Animation tab, in the Export group, click Movie.

   

   The Export Movie pane opens. You have several preset video formats to which you can export, including YouTube and Vimeo. You'll export your animation as a YouTube video.

2. In the Export Movie pane, under Movie Export Presets, click the YouTube icon (it may be selected by default).

   

3. Under File Name, click the folder icon.

   The Animation File Location window opens. This window allows you to choose the location where you'll save your animation file.

4. Browse to a location where you want to save your animation. Name the file Humboldt Animation and click Save.
5. Click File Export Settings. (You may need to scroll down to see this.)

   

   These options allow you to change the animation's file type and how many frames are played per second. For your purposes, the default options are fine. However, it's important to note the total number of frames in the animation. The total number of frames affects the time it takes to export the animation. For an animation with about 1,700 frames, the export may take approximately 45 minutes at default quality (the time can vary depending on your computer).

   Tip:

   ArcGIS Pro must remain open until the export finishes, although you can use your computer for other things during the export. Make sure you have enough time available for the entire export before you begin it.

6. Click Advanced Movie Export Settings.

   

   These options allow you to change the resolution and quality of the exported animation. If you have a particular screen size on which you want to display the animation, you may want to change the resolution. However, you want your animation to be viewed by general audiences on a variety of screens, so the default resolution of 1280x720 is fine.

   You can also change the animation's quality. Reducing the quality will create an animation with a smaller file size and a shorter upload time, but the animation itself will contain less detail.

7. If necessary, drag the Quality slider to a position more suitable to you. Otherwise, leave it unchanged.
8. Click Export.

   The export progress appears at the bottom of the Export Movie pane. The export may take a long time, depending on the length of your animation and the settings you chose. Do not close ArcGIS Pro while the export is running.

   When the export finishes, the file is saved on your computer at the location you specified. You can then upload the file to a YouTube account and share it with others.

9. Save the project.

In this lesson, you created a scene, set bookmarks, and added map notes. You also created an animation using keyframes, transitions, and timing. Animations can be created for a variety of 3D scenes, not only for chronicling an adventurer's path through South America. They can showcase 3D cities, features, or other objects and can be shared via social media or other platforms.

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