Collect fountain data
Before you can analyze the equitable distribution of drinking fountains across Berkeley, you need to know where they are and whether they are clean and functioning. You'll acquire this information through ArcGIS Field Maps, an ArcGIS app that allows users to capture data in the field using a smartphone or other mobile device.
Create a map
First, you'll create a map and map layers that will be used to add fountains in the ArcGIS Field Maps mobile app. You'll create the map and map layers in Field Maps Designer.
- Sign in to your ArcGIS organizational account or into ArcGIS Enterprise using a named user account.
Note:
If you don't have an organizational account, see options for software access.
- On the ribbon, click the apps button and choose Field Maps Designer.
ArcGIS Field Maps appears, displaying all the maps you own or have privileges to edit. You'll create a map to use to collect information about drinking fountains in Berkeley.
- Click the New map button.
The Create a new map page appears. It has options to guide you through creating a map. First, you'll define new layers.
- Confirm Start with new layers is chosen and click Next.
- On the Create layers tab, for Layer name, replace the text with Berkeley Fountains. Confirm Layer type is set to Point.
- At the bottom of the page, click Next.
The Layer settings tab appears. This tab has settings about the type of GPS receiver being used, whether you'll be modeling 3D spaces, or whether you're using linear referencing. None of these settings are relevant for the map you're creating, so you won't change the default options.
- Click Next.
The Title and save tab appears. These settings determine the name of the map and the feature layer. By default, the names match the name you set for the layer earlier.
- For Feature layer title, add your name or initials to the end of the title.
Note:
You cannot create two layers in an ArcGIS organization with the same name. Adding your initials to a layer name ensures that other people in your organization can also complete this tutorial. Once a layer has been created, you can rename it in the map to remove your initials, which will not affect the name of the underlying data layer.
- Click Create map.
The map and layers are created as items to your organization. The map opens to the Forms page, where you can build the forms used for data collection.
Create a data collection form
You've created the map and layer, but you still need a way to track whether fountains are functioning and clean. You'll create a data collection form so users can input information about relevant features. The form will contain two fields: one to track whether fountains are functioning and one to track whether they are clean or dirty.
- In the Form builder pane, in the Choice section, drag the Combo box element onto the form canvas.
- On the form canvas, click the Combo box element to select it.
The Properties pane appears with options to add information about the element you added.
- In the Properties pane, for Display name, type Functioning and press Enter.
The Field name parameter updates with the same name.
You want to ensure field workers collect this information, so you'll turn off the ability to leave the field empty.
- Uncheck the Include "No value" option check box.
Next, you'll create a list of acceptable values workers can input. You only want to know whether a drinking fountain is functioning or not, so you'll add a list of two values: Yes and No.
- Click Create list.
The List of values window appears.
- Click Add value.
- Under Label, type Yes.
You'll add another value for No.
- Click Add value. For the new value, for Label, type No.
- Click Done. If the Create list window appears, click Continue.
The list is created. You have a field to track whether drinking fountains are functioning. Next, you'll add another field to track whether they are clean or dirty.
- Close the Properties pane.
The Form builder pane reappears.
- Drag another Combo box element to the form canvas, under the Functioning element.
- In the form canvas, click the new Combo box element to select it.
- In the Properties pane, for Display name, type Condition. Uncheck the Include "No value" option check box.
- Click Create list. Add values with the labels Clean and Dirty.
- Click Done. If the Create list window appears, click Continue.
You've created fields to collect the information you need.
- Click the Save to map button.
Your form is saved to your map.
Share the map
To access a map in ArcGIS Field Maps, it must be either a map that you created or a map shared with a group which you are a member of.
For the purposes of this tutorial, you created this map, so you'll be able to access it. However, in a real-world scenario, you may have multiple users collecting data who need access to your map. To share a map with other users, you'll create a group.
- On the side toolbar, click Open and choose Item Details.
The details page for the web map appears.
- On the ribbon, click Groups.
- Click Create group.
The Create a group window appears.
- For Group overview, set the following parameters:
- For Name, type Berkeley Fountains.
- For Summary, type A group for collecting the locations and conditions of public drinking fountains in Berkeley, California.
- For Tags, type Drinking Fountains and press Enter.
You'll also limit who can view the group.
- Under Group membership,
for Who can view this group, choose Only group members.
The How can people join this group option specifies that users can only become members of the group if you invite them. That fits your goals for the group, so you won't change it.
- Click Save.
The group is created and the group's details page appears. On this page, you can edit the group's description, thumbnail, and other metadata. You can also invite users.
Next, you'll share your map with the group.
- Click Add items to group.
The Add items to group window appears. It contains all of the content, including maps and layers, saved in your account.
- In the list of content, check your Berkeley Fountains map and your Berkeley_Fountains feature layer.
Note:
Unless you specified otherwise, both the map and the layer were saved in your default folder. If you have difficulty finding the map and layer, you can search for them using the search bar.
- Click Add items.
When the items are added to the group, their sharing is updated. The map and layer are now shared with the group. Members of the group can access the map using ArcGIS Field Maps.
Collect data on a mobile device
Next, you'll collect a fictitious drinking fountain record using ArcGIS Field Maps.
- Open ArcGIS Field Maps on either your Android or iOS mobile device.
Note:
If you don't have ArcGIS Field Maps, you can download it for free as a mobile app from the App Store or Google Play.
- Click Sign In with ArcGIS Online or Sign In with ArcGIS
Enterprise, depending on which is appropriate. Sign in with your ArcGIS account
credentials.
After you sign in, the maps list appears. These are all the maps that have editable data to which you have access.
- Tap the Berkeley Fountains map icon.
- If you receive a notification asking you to allow ArcGIS Field Maps to access your location, click Allow.
The map opens to your current location. This location is probably not Berkeley, California (in the example images, the location is Esri headquarters in Redlands, California).
Because the fountain you're collecting is fictitious and your goal is simply to test whether everything was set up correctly, it doesn't matter where you add a feature. In a real-world scenario, users would travel around the city and add features wherever they found a fountain.
- On the map, tap the add button.
Note:
Depending on the device you use to access Field Maps, your interface may differ from the example images.
The Berkeley Fountains form appears. If your phone's GPS accuracy is sufficient, your location is used as the location of the new fountain feature. (You can change the location by dragging the point on the map.)
Note:
If your phone's GPS has low accuracy and your location wasn't used, tap Add Point and click Use Poor Location. You can also collect data at a location other than where your GPS is locating the phone. Click the search button (the magnifying glass) and type the address. Click the correct search result to navigate to the address's location and click Collect here.
The Fountains form contains the option to add information for the fields you previously created. When you made these fields, you disallowed null values, so both fields are required.
- In the form, tap Functioning and choose Yes.
- In the form, tap Condition and choose Dirty.
- Tap Submit.
The fountain's data has been collected. You'll check your original web map to confirm that the fountain feature was added to it.
- On your computer, in the Berkeley Fountains group, under Recently added content, click the Berkeley Fountains web map. On the details page, click Open in Map Viewer.
The map opens in Map Viewer.
- On the web map, navigate to the location where you added your fountain point.
Note:
Depending on where you added your point, it may not appear in the map's default extent. To navigate quickly, you can search for the location by clicking the Search button on the map toolbar.
The fountain point is displayed as a red circle.
- Click the fountain point.
The fountain's pop-up appears.
The pop-up contains the values you chose for the Functioning and Condition field. These values also appear in the layer's attribute table.
You've confirmed your layer is functional. You'll delete the fictitious point so it doesn't interfere with subsequent analysis.
- In the pop-up, click Edit.
- In the Edit feature pane, click Delete. When asked to confirm, click Delete.
The point is deleted.
- On the map toolbar, click the Search button.
- In the Search window, type Berkeley and choose Berkeley, CA, USA.
The map navigates to Berkeley, the area of interest.
- Close the Search result pop-up.
- On the Contents (dark) toolbar, click Save and open and choose Save to save the map.
You created a layer to collect information about drinking water fountains in Berkeley, California. You also added mandatory fields to track the condition of the fountains and added the layer to a new web map. In Field Maps, you added a fictitious fountain to test your layer's functionality.
In a real-world scenario, users would use your layer to collect information about actual fountains throughout the city. Next, you'll use the results those users collected to determine whether fountains (and by extension, access to clean drinking water) are distributed equitably across the city.
Analyze fountain distribution
Previously, you collected information about the location and condition of public drinking fountains in Berkeley, California. Next, you'll analyze the distribution of fountains. In particular, you'll determine if fountains are distributed equitably.
The concept of environmental justice implies that resources (parks, fountains, fire stations) and burdens (incinerators, wastewater treatment plants, landfills) are equally distributed, regardless of demographic factors such as household income or race.
You'll answer the following questions: Is the location and condition of fountains in Berkeley an environmental justice issue? Do some census tracts have more dirty fountains than others? Are differences in the number of dirty fountains related to the social vulnerability of the census tract?
Add demographic and fountain data
To perform your analysis, you'll need data about the demographics in Berkeley and the fountains in Berkeley. While you previously created a layer for collecting fountain information, without actual fieldwork you won't have a complete Berkeley fountain dataset. For the purposes of this exercise, you'll add fountain data that was collected by students at the University of California, Berkeley.
First, you'll add demographic data that shows the social vulnerability of areas around Berkeley. You'll add this data from ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World, Esri's collection of authoritative data.
- In the Layers pane, click Add.
- In the Add layer pane, click My content and choose ArcGIS Online.
- In the search bar, type CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the United States government's health protection agency. Its Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) measures how well a community can withstand disasters or health hazards. It is based on demographic variables collected by the United States Census Bureau.
- In the search results, for CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index 2022 USA by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, click Add.
The layer is added to the map. Darker blue census tracts are those with the highest SVI, while yellow census tracts have the lowest SVI. The dataset covers the entire United States, but you're only interested in Berkeley.
Next, you'll add a layer showing the Berkeley city limits. The layer is owned by the Esri_Tutorials administrator account.
- Clear the existing search text and type Berkeley City Limits owner:Esri_Tutorials.
- For the Berkeley City Limits layer, click Add.
The layer is added to the map. Next, you'll add two fountains layers. One contains all of the dirty fountain data collected in Berkeley, while one contains only clean fountains.
- Replace the existing search text with Berkeley Fountains owner:Esri_Tutorials.
- Add the Berkeley Fountains (Clean) and Berkeley Fountains (Dirty) layers.
On the map, red fountains are those that were found to be clean, while blue fountains are those that were found to be dirty, littered, or rusted. Are clean fountains located primarily in census tracts with low SVI? Are dirty fountains located primarily in census tracts with high SVI? It can be difficult to reach a conclusion unless you perform analysis. First, you'll change the basemap to show labels on top of the CDC Social Vulnerability Index layer for context, then you'll perform analysis.
- In the Add layer pane, click the Back button.
- On the Contents toolbar, click Basemap. In the Basemap pane, choose the Human Geography Map basemap.
The basemap changes to the Human Geography Map. Labels are now visible on top of the CDC Vulnerability Index layer.
- Save the map.
Determine if fountains are equitably distributed
Next, you'll analyze patterns in the distribution of fountains. You'll answer the question of whether there's a connection between fountain location or condition and the social vulnerability status of a community. In particular, you'll calculate the density of clean and dirty fountains and compare that density to the SVI layer.
- On the Contents toolbar, click Layers. In the Layers pane, click the Berkeley Fountains (Clean) layer to select it.
- On the Settings (light) toolbar, click Analysis.
- In the Analysis pane, click Tools.
- In the search bar, type Calculate Density. In the list of results, click the Calculate Density result with a tool icon.
The Calculate Density tool opens. This tool creates a layer that shows the density of point features (such as your fountains layer) in a given area.
- Under Input layers, for Input point or line features, click Layer and choose Berkeley Fountains (Clean).
You'll limit the extent of the layer that the tool creates so that it does not extend past the Berkeley city limits.
- Expand Optional layers. For Clip output to, click Layer and choose Berkeley City Limits.
You can also change the method by which density is classified. By default, the result layer will display 10 different classes of density and each class will contain an equal interval of values. Ten classes is too many for your relatively small dataset.
- Under Density analysis settings, for Number of classes, type 4.
- Under Result layer, for Output polygon name, type Berkeley Fountains Clean Density and add your name or initials.
- Click Estimate credits to estimate how many credits will be consumed when you run the tool.
This tool will consume around 0.054 credits.
- Click Run.
After a few seconds, the new layer is created and added to the map. The darker purple areas are those with a higher density of clean fountains.
Based on the highest-density areas, it does not seem that the location of clean fountains is related to the social vulnerability status of the census tract. Clean fountains are found in both neighborhoods with a high SVI (darker blue census tracts) and neighborhoods with a low SVI (light green or yellow census tracts).
The high density of clean fountains in the westernmost census block may be due to its location in the Berkeley Marina, a tourist and recreational area. While your analysis doesn't indicate an inequitable distribution of clean fountains, it still highlights areas where access to clean fountains is lacking.
Next, you'll repeat the density analysis for dirty fountains.
- In the Layers pane, point to your Berkeley Fountains Clean Density layer and click the Hide button.
The layer is hidden on the map.
- In the Calculate Density pane,
for Input point or line features, choose Berkeley Fountains (Dirty).
Tip:
If you closed the Analysis pane, you can reopen the Calculate Density tool with all the parameters you used in the History pane. On the Settings toolbar, click Analysis. In the Analysis pane, choose History. For the Calculate Density run, click Options and choose Open tool.
- Confirm that Clip output to is set to Berkeley City Limits.
- Confirm that Number of classes is set to 4.
- For Result layer name, type Berkeley Fountains Dirty Density and add your name or initials. Click Run.
The tool consumes around 0.025 credits and a new layer is added to the map.
There are two areas with high densities of dirty fountains. The first is in the Berkeley Marina, and likely affects tourism more than residential conditions. The second is in the center of the city, bridging four census blocks with a wide range of SVIs.
As with clean fountains, it does not seem as though the condition of drinking fountains corresponds with the social vulnerability of the area. However, that does not mean that your analysis didn't have value. By determining areas with the highest density of dirty fountains, you pinpoint locations that the city can target to improve fountain conditions.
- Save the map.
When you save the map, the Review sharing window opens. Because your web map is shared to your Berkeley Fountains group, you can use this window to update the sharing of your two new density layers to match. If you don't update the sharing, members of your Berkeley Fountains group won't be able to see the density analysis layers. You can also change the sharing permissions later from your My Content page.
- In the Review sharing window, click Update sharing.
In this tutorial, you created an editable feature layer that users can use in Field Maps to collect information about drinking water fountains in Berkeley, California. You then analyzed the condition of drinking fountains and compared the results to the social vulnerability of the area.
Your results indicated areas where fountains could be cleaned up or more fountains could be added to increase equitable access to fountains.
You can find more tutorials in the tutorial gallery.
